In
ancient Rome, the main
Temple of Janus stood in the
Roman Forum. It had doors on both ends, and inside was a statue of
Janus, the two-faced god of boundaries. The Temple doors (the "
Gates of Janus") were closed in times of peace and opened in times of war.
The closing of the Temple doors was a very rare event. It is said to have happened for the first time under King
Numa Pompilius (715-673 BC), for the second time under
Titus Manlius in
235 BC, a third time by Augustus in
29 BC, a fourth time by
Nero in
66 AD and only a fifth time under
Vespasian in
AD 70.
Ancient descriptions
Plutarch, in
Life of King Numa, wrote:<blockquote> also has a temple at Rome with double doors, which they call the gates of war; for the temple always stands open in time of war, but is closed when peace has come. The latter was a difficult matter, and it rarely happened, since the realm was always engaged in some war, as its increasing size brought it into collision with the barbarous nations which encompassed it round about. But in the time of
Augustus it was closed, after he had overthrown
Mark Antony; and before that, when
Marcus Atilius and
Titus Manlius were consuls, it was closed a short time; then war broke out again at once, and it was opened.
The
Res Gestae Divi Augusti, a first person account of the life of
Augustus, claims:<blockquote>Janus Quirinus, which our ancestors wished to be closed whenever peace had been secured...
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